A remarkable summer transfer window has slammed shut after a typically frantic Deadline Day across the English game, under the framework of the Premier League Handbook and wider FIFA transfer regulations.

It came a day after Bradley Barcola was unveiled by Liverpool, a move that underlined Jürgen Klopp’s side – and the club’s recruitment structure – committing to refreshing their attacking options ahead of the congested domestic and European calendar.

Arsenal failed to add to their attack, despite concrete interest in Julian Alvarez and Malick Fofana. Instead, the club focused on trimming a bloated squad, sanctioning permanent exits for Fabio Vieira and Gabriel Jesus alongside a series of loans for fringe players.

For Mikel Arteta and the hierarchy in north London, that decision leaves greater responsibility on the existing forward line in both the Premier League and European competition, while freeing up wage and squad space for future windows under financial sustainability rules.

Tottenham, by contrast, committed heavily to this market. They spent the best part of half a billion pounds, headlined by a £100million deal for Sandro Tonali and further reinforced their squad with Chelsea duo Mykhailo Mudryk and Tosin Adarabioyo. Kevin Danso also joined Sunderland on a loan-to-buy agreement, reflecting how Premier League clubs increasingly use the English Football League as a development and value-protection platform.

Such outlay strengthens Spurs’ depth for a season in which fixture congestion and rotation are likely to be decisive, while also underlining the commercial muscle of England’s top flight compared with many European rivals.

Here is every transfer that took place on Deadline Day, plus those that still have scope to be followed by late business elsewhere in Europe.

• Taylor Harwood-Bellis (from Southampton, £29m)
• Ibrahim Mbaye (from Paris Saint-Germain, £47m)
• Brad Burrowes (to Wigan, loan)
• Jayden Meghoma (to Portsmouth, loan)
• Mark O’Mahony (to Burton, loan)
• Igor Julio (to Burnley, undisclosed fee)
• Eiran Cashin (to Derby, loan)
• Charlie Tasker (to Rochdale, loan)
• Freddie Simmonds (to AFC Wimbledon, loan)
• Caylan Vickers (to Burton, undisclosed fee)
• Amario Cozier-Duberry (to Middlesbrough, loan)
• Dujuan Richards (to AFC Wimbledon, loan)
• Enzo Fernandez (to Man City, £125m)

• Liam Kitching (to Sheffield United, loan)
• Joe Whitworth (to Wigan, free transfer)
• Borna Sosa (to Koln, loan)
• Ben Chilwell (from Strasbourg, undisclosed fee)
• David Ozoh (to Derby, undisclosed fee)
• Dario Osorio (from FC Midtjylland, loan)
• Elijah Campbell (to MK Dons, loan)
• Jack Grealish (from Man City, loan)
• Tim Iroegbunam (to Hull, £22m)
• Ainsley Maitland-Niles (from Lyon, undisclosed fee)
• Manuel Angel (from Real Madrid, £3m)
• Hugo Larsson (from Eintracht Frankfurt, loan)
• David Affengrube (from Elche, £8.5m)
• Ilyas Ansah (from Union Berlin, £23m)
• Liam Millar (to Birmingham, loan)
• Tim Iroegbunam (from Everton, £22m)
• Robinio Vaz (loan from Roma)
• Brooke Norton-Cuffy (from Genoa, £12m)
• Sorba Thomas (from Stoke, undisclosed fee)
• Christos Mouzakitis (from Olympiacos, undisclosed fee)
• Cameron Humphreys (to Huddersfield, loan)
• Tudor Mendel (to Luton, loan)
• Chieo Ogbene (to Lincoln, loan)
• Zian Flemming (from Burnley, £20m)
• Sam Chambers (to Northampton, loan)
• Largie Ramazani (to Burnley, loan)
• Wilfried Gnoto (to Fiorentina, loan)
• Melvin Bard (from Nice, loan)
• Lucca Brughmans (to Genk, loan)
• Harvey Elliott (to Valencia, loan)
• Keyrol Figueroa (to Port Vale, loan)
• Jaden Heskey (to Sheffield Wednesday, loan)
• Iliman Ndiaye (from Everton, £65m)
• Jack Grealish (to Everton, loan)
• Enzo Fernandez (from Chelsea, £125m)
• Matias Fernandez-Pardo (from Lille, £51.4m)
• Nick Woltemade (to Juventus, loan)
• Josh Powell (to Northampton, loan)
• Morato (to West Ham, loan)
• Zach Abbott (to Southampton, loan)
• Luis Semedo (to Clermont, undisclosed fee)
• Kevin Danso (from Tottenham, loan)
• George Abbott (to Mansfield, loan)
• Damola Ajayi (to Barnet, loan)
• Tosin Adarabioyo (from Chelsea, £7m)

The differing approaches of Arsenal, Liverpool, Tottenham and Chelsea underline how Premier League contenders are balancing sporting needs with squad cost controls and registration limits.

Arsenal’s lack of a new forward, despite exploring Alvarez and Fofana, places tactical emphasis on internal solutions for goals in domestic and European play. Offloading Vieira and Jesus on permanent deals, plus several loans, also reflects a drive to avoid carrying high-earning players outside the core rotation.

Tottenham’s extensive business, including Tonali, Mudryk and Adarabioyo, offers Ange Postecoglou far more options in midfield, wide attacking areas and central defence. That depth is critical in a league with a 38-game season and multiple cup competitions, where injuries and rotation can quickly expose thin squads.

For the likes of Enzo Fernandez and Jack Grealish, the moves involving Manchester City, Chelsea and Everton highlight how elite clubs use both permanent and temporary deals to refresh squads and keep key players active at the highest level. The fees involved also contribute to rebalancing transfer books as clubs work within modern financial regulations.

The long list of loans – from Jayden Meghoma to Portsmouth through to Jaden Heskey to Sheffield Wednesday – underlines how English clubs now treat temporary moves as a core development tool rather than a last resort.

Young players such as Amario Cozier-Duberry, Elijah Campbell, Harvey Elliott and Keyrol Figueroa gain senior football in competitive lower divisions or overseas leagues, with parent clubs retaining long-term control of their futures. For teams like Wigan, Portsmouth, Northampton and MK Dons, these arrivals can be decisive in promotion or survival battles without requiring major transfer fees.

Undisclosed fees in deals for the likes of Igor Julio, Ben Chilwell (from Strasbourg), David Ozoh, Sorba Thomas, Christos Mouzakitis and Luis Semedo reflect a broader trend of clubs keeping precise valuations private. That approach can protect bargaining positions in future markets and manage external expectations, even as headline sums for marquee names continue to rise.

There are a number of transfer windows still open across Europe, most notably in Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Turkish clubs have until September 4 to conclude their business, while those in Saudi have until September 6. These staggered deadlines, set by national federations within the global framework, leave Premier League and European clubs exposed to late interest in their players even after their own domestic window closes.

Crystal Palace’s Ismaila Sarr was pushing to join Galatasaray earlier in the summer, before Liverpool tested the Eagles’ resolve with two rejected bids. With the Turkish window still open, one of the key questions for the coming days is whether clubs in the Süper Lig revive attempts to prise players away from England, potentially impacting Premier League depth charts even after Deadline Day.

Saudi clubs are always monitoring the English market, and Chelsea’s Pedro Neto has been linked with a move to the Gulf. The financial strength of the Saudi Pro League continues to influence squad planning across Europe, with its window running beyond several UEFA leagues and giving Saudi teams more time to target opportunities that emerge from players dissatisfied with their roles.

However, it remains unlikely that Chelsea will sanction an exit for a first-team player without being able to sign a replacement. With their domestic window shut, that stance reflects the competitive balance clubs must strike between generating revenue from late bids and protecting squad depth for a season that includes league, cup and potentially European commitments.

More broadly, the differing closing dates across Turkey, Saudi Arabia and other leagues show how clubs must now plan transfer strategy in phases rather than simply up to the Premier League deadline, with sporting directors monitoring opportunities and risks up to the final days permitted by each association’s regulations.